Replacing traditional diesel with biodiesel will help reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. At present, it is difficult for drivers in Hong Kong to find petrol refilling stations that sell biodiesel. The government should follow in the footsteps of Germany, France and the Czech Republic, establishing legislation to require a biodiesel blend in Hong Kong.

Current battery technology is still not able to replace heavy duty vehicle function in terms of passenger capacity and capital expenditure. Aside from electricity, the hydrogen fuel cell is another available clean energy that can be applied commercially to assist decarbonization.

Establish robust targets and pathways to adopt electric vehicles and ban internal combustion engine vehicles by 2035.

The government should actively search for emerging technologies and design a long-term technology roadmap. This would require actively searching, studying and pioneering emerging transportation technologies to contribute to research and joint-venture development.

The bus companies can rationalise bus routes, perhaps a comprehensive feeder-trunk bus route system could be established, and perhaps Hopper Fares introduced allowing passengers to use varied forms of transport. We could also see a better transportation app that links different transport modes and bus companies.

The extension of the railway in Hong Kong will not only divert a large number of people from original railway lines to new lines but can also reduce reliance on road traffic, relieve road congestion, reduce air pollution, and ultimately lower vehicle greenhouse gas emissions.

The implementation of congestion charges is hindered by resistance from different stakeholders, including drivers who pass through the suggested congestion charging area on a daily basis, and the District Council. Many opponents of the pricing policy have pointed out that there is currently insufficient transport facilities that allow drivers to park private cars outside the congested toll area and then enter the congestion charging area in other ways [22]. This study recommends the government to engage the public to understand their concerns, and devise policy solutions accordingly.

The government should pledge that the fees collected from congestion pricing will be used exclusively to enhance the transport system in Hong Kong and to further develop a holistic vision for a public transport-first city. This could generate a greater level of agreement from the public [23]. For fee setting and the implementation of congestion pricing, it could refer to international best practices . The Government should act immediately by initiating consultation and subsequently formulating optimal prices that generate deterrence, in order to control the flow of private cars in congested toll areas.

New towns have a higher potential and flexibility to carry out walkability and bike-ability enhancement work. Bike lanes in the New Territories should be restructured to form an extensive bike lane network.

The government might consider making walking and cycling “first-mile” and “last-mile” solutions from public transport to residential areas, workplaces, schools and open spaces.

The government should also allocate more resources towards enhancing the performance of EV chargers and establishing an ambitious target for charging facilities coverage. For example, all public parking meters and government car park berths might include installed chargers by 2025.